The first step in understanding why this statement is made is to know that every where your Bible uses the word "cross," their Bible uses the word "stake." To confirm their position they will use partial quotes and references from scholars that seem to back up their claim that the Greek word stauros in the New Testament means "stake" or "pole" instead of its true meaning "cross." They also will say, "stauros" in both the classical Greek and Koine carries no thought of a "cross" made of two timbers, but instead it carries the notion of only an upright stake, a pale, pile, or pole.When the Greek lexicons are checked, however, one finds this is not the case.
Heinz: Are JW's using
partial quotes? And do Greek Lexicons and dictionaries agree more with
Mark's point of view? Let us take a look. "The Tau was the basis for what
is now called the "cross" taken from the Latin "crux". "The shape
of the [two-beamed cross] had its origin in ancient Chaldea, and was used
as the symbol of the god Tammuz (being in the shape of the mystic Tau,
the initial of his name) in that country and in adjacent lands, including
Egypt. By the middle of the 3rd cent. A.D. the churches had either departed
from, or had travestied, certain doctrines of the Christian faith. In order
to increase the prestige of the apostate ecclesiastical system pagans were
received into the churches apart from regeneration by faith, and were permitted
largely to retain their pagan signs and symbols. Hence the Tau or T, in
its most frequent form, with the cross-piece lowered, was adopted to stand
for the cross of Christ."—An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words
(London, 1962), W. E. Vine, p. 256.
What is this? The Cross used among
ancient pagan? Is there more?
"It is strange, yet unquestionably
a fact, that in ages long before the birth of Christ, and since then in
lands untouched by the teaching of the Church, the Cross has been used
as a sacred symbol. . . . The Greek Bacchus, the Tyrian Tammuz, the Chaldean
Bel, and the Norse Odin, were all symbolized to their votaries by a cruciform
device."—The Cross in Ritual, Architecture, and Art (London, 1900), G.
S. Tyack, p. 1.
The people of the ancient lands used the cross in worship, some, like the Egyptians used it in Phallus worship, or, worship of the male sex organ. It was used as a symbol of fertility. "Various figures of crosses are found everywhere on Egyptian monuments and tombs, and are considered by many authorities as symbolical either of the phallus [a representation of the male sex organ] or of coition. . . . In Egyptian tombs the crux ansata [cross with a circle or handle on top] is found side by side with the phallus."—A Short History of Sex-Worship (London, 1940), H. Cutner, pp. 16, 17; see also The Non-Christian Cross, p. 183.
The Ancient Church by clergyman W.
D. Killen says, on page 316: "From the most remote antiquity the cross
was venerated in Egypt and Syria; it was held in equal honour by the Buddhists
of the East; and, what is still more extraordinary, when the Spaniards
first visited America, the well-known sign was found among the objects
of worship in the idol temples of Anahuac. It is also remarkable that,
about the commencement of our era, the pagans were wont to make the sign
of a cross upon the forehead in the celebration of some of their sacred
mysteries." The origin of the cross is indeed very pagan.
So you see, the reason that JW's
do not use the word bears heavily on its pagan origin. After all, "What
accord has Christ with Belial? Or what has a believer in common with an
unbeliever? What agreement has the temple of God with idols?" 2Cor 6:15
RSV
"They also will say, "stauros"
in
both the classical Greek and Koine carries no thought of a "cross" made
of two timbers, but instead it carries the notion of only an upright stake,
a pale, pile, or pole.
When the Greek lexicons are checked,
however, one finds this is not the case. "
We have already checked Vine's, but
are there others?
A Comprehensive Dictionary of the
Original Greek Words with their Precise Meanings for English
Readers states: "STAUROS . . . denotes,
primarily, an upright pale or stake. On such
malefactors were nailed for execution."
Similarly, the book The Non-Christian Cross observes:
"There is not a single sentence in
any of the numerous writings forming the New Testament,
which, in the original Greek, bears
even indirect evidence to the effect that the stauros used in
the case of Jesus was other than an
ordinary stauros [pole or stake]; much less to the effect that
it consisted, not of one piece of
timber, but of two pieces nailed together in the form of a cross."
Paul Wilhelm Schmidt, who was a professor
at the University of Basel, in his work Die
Geschichte Jesu (The History of Jesus),
Vol. 2, Tübingen and Leipzig, 1904, pp. 386-394, made
a detailed study of the Greek word
stau·ros'. On p. 386 of his work he said: "staur¬V [stau·ros']
means every upright standing pale
or tree trunk."
New Bible Dictionary of 1985 under
"Cross," page 253: "The Gk. word for 'cross' (stauros; verb
stauroo . . . ) means primarily an
upright stake or beam, and secondarily a stake used as an
instrument for punishment and execution."
W. E. Vine says on this subject: "STAUROS
(staur¬V) denotes, primarily, an upright pale or
stake. On such malefactors were nailed
for execution. Both the noun and the verb stauroo, to
fasten to a stake or pale, are originally
to be distinguished from the ecclesiastical form of a two
beamed cross." Greek scholar Vine
then mentions the Chaldean origin of the two-piece cross
and how it was adopted from the pagans
by Christendom in the third century C.E. as a symbol of
Christ's impalement.—Vine's Expository
Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, 1981, Vol.
1, p. 256.
The Latin dictionary by Lewis and
Short gives as the basic meaning of crux "a tree, frame, or
other wooden instruments of execution,
on which criminals were impaled or hanged."
The book Dual Heritage—The Bible and
the British Museum states: "It may come as a shock to
know that there is no word such as
'cross' in the Greek of the New Testament. The word
translated 'cross' is always the Greek
word [stau·ros'] meaning a 'stake' or 'upright pale.' The
cross was not originally a Christian
symbol; it is derived from Egypt and Constantine."
See also Strongs and Young's Analytical
Concordance.
The Watchtower Society not only claims that Christ did not die on a cross, they further state that there is no evidence that a cross with a crossbeam was ever even used by Romans during the first century. They claim the stake was "the then customary usage of this means of execution in the Orient." They maintain, "The evidence is, therefore, completely lacking that Jesus Christ was crucified on two pieces of timber placed at right angles...The passing of time and further archaeological discoveries will be certain to prove its [torture stake] correctness.
To further elucidate those that see
this rejection of a 2-beamed stauros are not WT-born are the follwing references:
"THE sign of the cross has been a
symbol of great antiquity, present in nearly every known
culture. Its meaning has eluded anthropologists,
though its use in funerary art could well point to
a defense against evil. On the other
hand, the famous crux ansata of Egypt, depicted coming
from the mouth, must refer to life
or breath. The universal use of the sign of the cross makes
more poignant the striking lack of
crosses in early Christian remains, especially any specific
reference to the event on Golgotha.
Most scholars now agree that the cross, as an artistic
reference to the passion event, cannot
be found prior to the time of Constantine."—Ante
Pacem—Archaeological Evidence of Church
Life Before Constantine (1985), by Professor
Graydon F. Snyder, page 27.
"There was no use of the crucifix,"
says one historian of the early Christians, "and no material
representation of the cross." History
of the Christian Church, J. F. Hurst, Vol. I, p. 366.
We have strong Biblical basis for
assuming a cross beam:
NAS John 20:25 The other disciples
therefore were saying to him, "We have seen the Lord!" But he said to them,
"Unless I shall see in His hands the imprint of the nails [plural], and
put my finger into the place of the nails [plural], and put my hand into
His side, I will not believe.
You will notice in this passage
the word "nails," this is in the plural suggesting each hand was nailed
seperately to a cross beam. You might also notice in JW literature images
of Jesus hanging on a cross with one (singular) nail through his wrist/hands.
The Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological,
and Ecclesiastical Literature, by M'Clintock and Strong, comments:
'Much time and trouble have been wasted
in disputing as to whether three or four nails were used in fastening the
Lord. Nonnus affirms that three only were used, in which he is followed
by Gregory Nazianzen. The more general belief gives four nails, an opinion
which is supported at much length and by curious arguments by Curtius.
Others have carried the number of nails as high as fourteen.'-Volume II,
page 580.
Accounts of Jesus impalement/crucifixion
like Matthew 27:35 give little evidence of the methods used. After Jesus'
resurrection, Thomas said: "Unless I see in his hands the print of the
nails and stick my finger into the print of the nails and stick my hand
into his side, I will certainly not believe." (John 20:25) Because of this
some have also concluded from John 20:25 that two nails were used, one
through each hand. But does Thomas' use of the plural *nails* have to be
understood that Jesus' hands were pierced by a separate nail?
In Luke 24:39 the resurrected Jesus
said: "See my hands and my feet, that it is I myself." This suggests that
Christ's feet also were nailed. Since Thomas made no mention of nailprints
in Jesus' feet, his use of the plural "nails" could have been a general
reference to multiple nails used in piercing Jesus.
Debate over such an insignificant
detail should not be permitted to becloud the all-important truth that
"we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son."-Romans 5:10. RSV
We must also remember too that the Cross was adopted
as a "Christian" symbol (312 C.E.) after it was adopted by Emperor
Constantine, who continued to be a Sun-worshipper, and the cross was the
symbol of the sun-god, Sol.
January 13, 313 C.E. Constantine as pagan Pontifex
Maximus publishes his famous edict of toleration in favor of the professed
Christians and they are made eligible to public office.
321 C.E. Sunday Dies Solis, the day of the sun-god,
Sol, whose symbol is the cross, is made a day exempt from being judicial
and its observance made a legal duty.
325 C.E. Constantine becomes head of the eastern and
western sections of the Roman Empire. He calls a religious council for
settling the controversy over the Greek characters or "trinity," which
threatens the unity of his empire. As pagan Pontifex Maximus, not yet baptized
as a Christian, Constantine presides over the council...and the rest is
the history of Christendom.
I think what JW's
are driving at is the adoration of a symbol. I think you will agree that
many use the figure of a cross a object of worship, and where that happens
we are no better than the pagans who did the very same thing. The cross
is a symbol of Christ's humiliation, but we are saved through his BLOOD
that was shed that day. Let us envision it this way. If our Saviour was
killed by a gun, would we be hanging that around our necks. It is too macabre
to sprinkle blood on our shirts to commemorate this important event, and
using the cross as a symbol of our affection in the Lord Jesus Christ is
not necessary. After all, we are walking by faith, not by sight.
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Addendum: Here is an interesting note from a recently released Bible:
"The Greek term signifies an upright stake on which criminal were executed, with no suggestion of a cross-beam. In the Latin versions the term 'crux' was used, but according to Livy of the 1st century B.C., the word meant no more than an upright stake; it was only later that crux came to mean a cross. Josephus relates how 2,000 were crucified at one time ('Antiquities' book 17; 10:10) hardly practicable if crosses had to be made for each one. There are Greek words which denote a cross, but none of these appear in the in any of the four gospel accounts of Jesus' execution. At Galatians 3:13 Paul refers to the instrument as 'a timber' (A.V. a tree) a reference to the upright stake on which bodies of criminals were hanged under the Mosaic Law (Deut 21:22), and which Jesus fulfilled by his death.21st Century NT appendix
Some have contended that the Romans did use crosses for execution at that time although Livy refutes this. Even if this were so, the Romans were also careful to observe local customs as fas as possible to avoid unnecessarily upsetting the populace, and so likely would have modified their method to conform to the Jewish practice. A rough upright stake would be in any case less trouble to produce than a hewn cross with a joint strong enough to bear the weight of a man.
Christians are sometimes disturbed to learn that the cross, considered for centuries as a Christian symbol, had its origin long before Christ and was actually used in pagan mythology.It was the symbol of the god Tammuz, and Bacchus, and the Egyptian Osiris. It was worshipped by the Celtic druids and worn on necklaces by the Vestal Virgins of Rome...As the Greek text shows, Christ was not executed on a Cross, that symbol can be regarded for what it is, a pagan corruption of Christian worship introduced in the early centuries of our common era. Thus in harmony with 2 Cor 6:15 although long cherished, it is something that Christians should shun."
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